For a long time, a mystical halo surrounded the Russian bathhouse. Here, not only washed, but also divined on holidays. The bathhouse had its own “variety” of brownie - a banner. Although in this place people were cleansed of dirt, it was considered bad, even things from here tried not to bring into the house. The bathhouse always stood on the outskirts of the site. Many caused this placement to be evil, which they sought to keep away from the apartment building. In fact, everything was much more prosaic: even in those days there were fire safety standards. A blockhouse or other type of wooden structure (logs, lumber), in which there is a stove periodically melted by firewood, is a potential source of danger of accidental ignition. Even today, traditional Russian baths are also trying to build at a certain distance from private homes. Although now there are plenty of other options for washing and relaxing, the pair still hold the palm branch.The same therapeutic effect cannot be obtained even in the most modern Jacuzzi or shower. Consider the bath projects, methods of zoning, furniture selection options and design features.
The whole process of building a bath is divided into several important stages:
Training. The choice of place. Creating a project with sketches, layouts of communication lines and the dimensions of the entire building, its individual rooms, the height of the walls.
The construction of the foundation, floor, walls, roof.
Carrying out internal work. The choice of equipment. Installation of the stove, finishing work.
Furniture arrangement, room decoration.
The most difficult stage is considered preparatory. If it is bad to think out a plan of further actions, then during work serious problems may arise that will have to be solved and distracted from construction. Design can be entrusted to professionals and get ready-made documentation on hand. The most persistent ones develop the project on their own. The article contains a number of tips for this category of people that will facilitate their work and help not to miss important aspects.
About the square
As for the area, there is no single standard for baths. Each owner himself chooses the optimal size of the building, based on the needs of his family and the possibilities of the site. For example, in small estates, where the apple has nowhere to fall, they put mobile saunas. If necessary, they can be moved around the site. On average, such a small bathhouse accommodates no more than two people at a time. Its area can be 2х2 m, 2х2.5 m, 2х3 m or 3х3 m, 3х4 m.In areas where there is still a place for a permanent bath, they put compact, small-sized options, consisting only of a steam room, a shower room and a small veranda, which serves as a relaxation room. Typically, the dimensions of such buildings are 3x5 m, 3x6 m, 4x4 m, 4x5 m and 4x6 m. Baths with an area of 4x8 or 5x5 m are already considered quite large and can take groups of 5 people at a time. These are not just steam rooms, but separate houses with several rooms where you can relax with company.
Planning / Zoning
How many rooms will be under construction should be decided at the design stage. The layout of the bath directly depends on its area. Some rooms (locker room, utility room) can compactly fit on 1 sq. M, but for a recreation area or steam room, you already need space. In large saunas, the following interior spaces are provided:
Small entrance hall.
Dressing room or expectation. In compact versions, they are combined with a hallway.
Locker room.
Bathroom: toilet and shower. Sometimes they are combined with the locker room.
Steam room. This room is considered the main.
Lounge and cooling room. To it is sometimes added a small kitchenette, buffet. To cool in the summer, a gazebo is placed near the bathhouse or an outdoor terrace is attached to it.
Washing department or pool, font. This addition can be taken outside the bathhouse to the street or use a pond, a river, which are located next to the site.
Utility room. Premises in which bath utensils and cleaning equipment are stacked.
In comfortable baths, attached to luxurious mansions or estates, additionally equip rooms for a good rest, which is not limited to gatherings at the table. Such rooms can house a billiard room, a home cinema, an area for board games and even dance floors.
If the area of one floor in the bathhouse for the location of all rooms is not enough, then it is worth considering projects of two-story buildings.The budget, of course, will have to be increased, but the quality of leisure will increase several times. On the second floor, as a rule, rest rooms are equipped.
With terrace or veranda
Baths with verandas or terraces will provide the company with a wonderful outdoor recreation, which is especially nice after a stuffy steam room, when a cool breeze quickly cools the warmed body. The main advantage of these facilities is the possibility of their arrangement after the completion of the main construction. Verandas and terraces can not even be marked on the original drawings. They are easy to build after the fact, when the owners realize that they need precisely such additional areas for recreation. Terraces and verandas are convenient for those who love barbecue. Open air will not allow to "flood" the whole company and those gathered will not have to breathe smoke. It is also quite easy to carry out lighting for gatherings at night to a terrace or a gazebo: just one or two bulbs in lampshades are enough. The absence of glass is compensated by a mosquito net. Of the shortcomings, only the impossibility of using the site in the winter is noted. Although there are glazed and insulated verandas.
With pool or font
Large baths are equipped for large baths. The internal arrangement provides the possibility of their use all year round. For small jars, compact fonts are chosen. These tanks can have either a central or angular arrangement. If there is no place under the tank with water at all, then it is taken out of the building, of course, when the size of the site allows. The presence of a reservoir of cool water is very useful, since after a strong warming up of the body it must be cooled. “Shock therapy” is considered part of the contrast procedures that are useful primarily for the skin. In winter, extreme lovers generally prefer to plunge into the hole or hang out in snowdrifts and wipe themselves off with snow. To many, such customs may seem wild and dangerous.In fact, they practically do not bring stress to the body, since a strongly heated body loses part of its usual sensitivity to cold. In rare cases, fonts are replaced with water barrels. In some ways, such units resemble Japanese furaco, but the water in them does not heat up, but remains cold.
Furniture and equipment for baths
In the bath there is always a powerful source of heat - the stove. This is the living heart of the building, which was previously treated with special trepidation. Depending on the material of the furnace, they are classified into the following types:
Brick. These units are quite massive and have a lot of weight. It is not recommended to put brick stoves in baths with a flimsy foundation. Fix the masonry with sand and clay. Cement is not used for the construction of such units, since it does not withstand high temperatures.
Metal. Cast iron and steel stoves are considered a budget option. They are quite simple to install: the whole process will be less time-consuming than with a brick counterpart. Metal aggregates are ideal for those craftsmen who build a bath on their own, but do not have the talents of a stove maker.
Kamenka. This is an "old-fashioned" version, which was used in Russia. Kamenka furnaces are ideal for Russian baths. They are durable, reliable and safe.
According to the type of fuel used, the furnace is divided into the following types:
Wood and coal. Their use is advisable if there is a source of cheap fuel nearby - wood or mines. Such units will help to save on paying bills for electricity or gas. Wood stoves are considered the most natural, natural option. Even the type of fuel is selected with special attention, since different types of wood give a certain smell and have individual indicators of heat transfer.
Gas. Convenient, easy to operate, but dangerous due to possible fuel leaks in the furnace.
Electric. The safest option from the presented.
The main thing when choosing a furnace: the correct calculation of the correspondence of its power and the area of the heated room. Another important nuance for a quality holiday is lighting. Light needs to be provided to each room of a bath. In fact, all the rooms except the dressing room and the steam room retain the atmosphere typical of ordinary living rooms. For this reason, the wiring, cartridges, switches for them choose the same as for the bedroom or guest in the house.
But for the steam room and the dressing room it is better to purchase special equipment that is designed to work in difficult conditions with high humidity and high temperatures. Even light bulbs should be bought special. Furniture for the bath is chosen in accordance with the stylistic decision. In expensive apartments they put luxurious soft sofas, armchairs, tables with marble countertops from designer collections. For simpler styles (country, Russian, Provence) they use crude but functional wood furniture. For the recreation room, a concise set of benches and a table is enough.
Where and from which to build a bath
The place for the bath should be chosen away from residential buildings. It is recommended to observe a distance of at least 5 m. The SNiP defines the norms of distances between buildings of various types (based on the material used for the manufacture of structures, ceilings, individual building elements). Before construction, you need to familiarize yourself with these provisions so that later you do not have to demolish the bath completely. The platform should be level. The slopes and close proximity of water bodies (sources of dampness) can subsequently provoke a shift in the foundation. If there are no flat places on the site, then use bulk soil, which is carefully tamped. You can’t put a bath next to a neighboring fence. The distance should be at least 1 m. The construction should not obscure part of the foreign land. You can not put a bath near the forest (minimum distance - 15 m).It is also forbidden to place this building near wells or wells. A special requirement is for baths that are drowned in black. They generally need to be placed on the outskirts, and a distance of 12 m is observed to the nearest building.
Everything in the same SNiP indicates that when the roof slope (single-slope) is close to the fence between the possessions, it must "look" at its site, and not the adjacent one. Otherwise, precipitation can fill someone else’s territory. The rule does not apply to flat roofs. Double slopes are positioned so that one of the gables is looking at the adjacent area.
Foundation selection
The foundation for the building is of two types:
Tape;
Columnar.
The most durable and strong is considered to be tape. The depth of the foundation is calculated based on the level of freezing of the earth, which differs in different latitudes. First, dig a pit of the desired depth. Its bottom is covered with a layer of sand. Then cover with a pillow of crushed stone or other type of stone fine fraction. After that, the entire “tape” is poured with concrete. Prior to solidification, reinforcing metal parts are added to the composition. The column foundation is used only for single-story light cans that are made of wood. In fact, the building will stand on a system of piles that will raise it above the ground. The columnar foundation is suitable for any type of soil (even for regions where permafrost), easily adapts to sites with complex terrain, quickly erected. After the construction of the base for the bathhouse, they begin work on the blind area.
Baths in the house
In houses, baths are most often located on the basement, basement, and less often on the first floors. The combination of the residential part of the house and the steam room increases the risk of fires. Dry Finnish saunas are the most dangerous in this respect. Russian baths with moist air or compact Japanese ofuros are much more reliable. Experts recommend choosing electric furnaces for such steam rooms, since it is the safest.Also, the room should be carefully isolated from the residential part of the house to prevent the spread of steam in other rooms, which is fraught with peeling off wallpaper and blotting upholstered furniture. However, baths in the house also have a number of advantages, the main of which is the proximity of the facility. To melt the stove, you do not need to go outside the house. It is very convenient especially in winter. Of these cans, you usually cannot go outside and plunge into the snow or a pond, without having trodden or soiled the floors in the passage rooms.
Wood bath
Baths were traditionally built of wood. Due to the presence of micropores on the surface of the tree, it “breathes” and releases healing and aromatic particles during heating. It is not recommended to build coniferous baths, as they become coated with resin over time. The leader among wood building materials is considered a bar. It is a carefully planed log. The beam can be different: profiled, glued, un planed, solid, rounded. It is reliable, environmentally friendly and durable. The most durable is glued beams. It is obtained by gluing dried lamellas, followed by fixing under a press. Unfortunately, like any other wood, timber is rotten. However, special impregnations will help slow down this process. Over time, the material will decrease in size. The most active shrinkage in whole timber. The material retains heat well in the bath. Not so long ago, a new word appeared on the construction market - “SIP-panels”. They are a kind of "sandwiches" and consist of two sheets of OSB, the gap between which is filled with polystyrene foam. The material can not be classified as environmentally friendly, but it qualitatively retains heat in the room and can withstand even very low temperatures. SIP panels look very ugly, therefore they require decorative finishes. The practice of their use in construction came to us from Canada.Fragile, at first glance, panels have good performance characteristics. It’s easy to work with the material, and the construction itself will turn out quite easy. Harmonized with a wooden bathhouse will be tracks made of gravel or small pebbles, a neatly trimmed lawn, rare mixborders or flower beds in tubs, low street lights.
Freestanding brick
Brick baths have a longer life than similar buildings made of wood and its derivatives. From the point of view of material costs, this option will pay off twice or even three times over time. For the construction, not only ordinary brick is used, but also aerated concrete, gas silicate, and foam concrete block. These materials have a very unattractive appearance, and therefore require decorative finishes. Gas silicate blocks are made of water, lime, aluminum powder and sand. During the mixing of the components, they begin to emit gas, which provides the “bricks” with a porous structure, which makes them quite light. Foam blocks are made of water, sand, cement and a foaming agent. Shrinkage of the material depends on the quality of mixing the components during mold filling. Because of this, the error in the geometry of foam blocks is high (up to 3 cm). Aerated concrete is another type of artificial brick. Although the term of its operation exceeds 50 years, and in the classification for combustibility, the material is classified as refractory, sometimes at close proximity to sources of fire, blocks can explode. Brick buildings on the site will be in harmony with stone fencing and garden paths from rammed cobblestones, neat benches along park alleys, rock gardens and rockeries.
Varieties of baths
The practice of steaming in a special room / container is present in almost all cultures. But each country has its own traditions and features of visiting baths. Moreover, they have been formed over many centuries.The longest “bath” stories can be considered Japanese and Russian. In the first case, the desire of the eastern peoples to carefully preserve their customs, which they carry through generations, affected. In a situation with a Russian bathhouse, the simplicity and accessibility of this method of washing, which have always played a major role for our person, is of importance. Consider the four most popular options that have received recognition not only at home, but also abroad.
Russian
Initially, the Russian bathhouse was drowned in black. There was no chimney at the stove, so the smoke entered directly into the steam room, where it circulated and heated the walls. After that, he went outside through special openings in the roof, walls (small windows) and an ajar door. Then the bathhouse was ventilated so that no carbon monoxide remained in it. After that, all the door-windows were closed, soot was erased from the benches and the steam room was ready for use. In black, this method of heating the room was called due to the fact that the ceiling and walls in such a room were smoked. To periodically increase the humidity, stones and containers of water were necessarily put in the steam room. The liquid was poured onto the heated cobblestones, it instantly evaporated and the air became moist again. In the black baths only the poor drowned. By the way, we washed only once a week - on Saturday evening. Firstly, during working days there was no time to melt the bathhouse every day, it was easier to devote the whole day to the procedure. Saturday is the first day off, and on Sunday they attended church, which could not be done while being dirty. The bathing day stretched from lunch to evening. They visited the steam room in groups (women and children, and then men). Crowned persons also did not disdain the bathhouse. In the royal Romanov dynasty, the practice of visiting the steam room was constant. Over time, Russian bathhouses became more beautiful and noble. Wood is still considered a classic material, but now it is decorated with ornate carvings.A cold water font is attached to the building - a small tank in which you can quickly cool down. There were more rooms in the bathhouse: relaxation rooms, swimming pools, buffets or summer kitchens were added. But the very principle of the procedure, as well as the therapeutic effect of it, remained unchanged.
An important attribute of the Russian bath is a broom. They are knitted from birch, alder, linden, healing herbs. The very procedure for preparing a broom for use can take up to six months. First, twigs are carefully selected, then they are connected in a special way. Then the brooms are dried, steamed and only after that they can be used in the bath.
Finnish
The Finnish sauna is the main competitor of the Russian log bath. Externally, both steam rooms are very similar, although they have a number of striking differences. Firstly, Russian baths maintain a high level of humidity (about 90%) and a rather gentle temperature regime. In the Finnish sauna "dry" steam. The humidity level does not exceed 30%, and the temperature under the ceiling can reach 160 degrees. The Finnish sauna provides shelves at different levels. Those who do not like shock temperature effects, choose places closer to the floor. Extremists prefer benches under the ceiling. Finnish saunas do not use brooms. In conditions of such hot and dry air, the impact of the rods will easily burn the skin. Not included in saunas and fonts. Finns prefer to cool off in spacious pools. Many argue about which bath is more useful: Russian or Finnish. In fact, both pairs have a healing effect on the body. The question is only in individual preferences: someone likes dry soaring, and someone prefers the moist, hot air of a Russian bathhouse.
Japanese
Japanese baths are not very similar to the steam rooms to which we are all accustomed. Oriental culture is really different in many ways from ours, and what has become familiar to the Japanese, to the rest of the world, may seem interesting and original, and sometimes even strange.To begin with, we will understand the types of baths that are used in the Land of the Rising Sun. There are three of them:
Ofuro;
Sento;
Furaco.
Ofuro is a wooden box of rectangular shape with thick walls, filled with sawdust or pebbles. The contents of the container are heated, after which a person is immersed in it. In addition to the temperature effects on the body, small pebbles also have a massage effect. Ofuro is a type of compact baths, which not only do not take up much space in the room, but are also easily knocked together with their own hands. Furaco is a small font that is divided into two parts. In one there are shops and water is poured here. In another part there is a heating element. Most often, a wood or electric stove acts in its role. At first, hot water is perceived hard by a person, but gradually the body gets used to the temperature and relaxes. Sento is a pool filled with hot water. In fact, this is the same furaco, but for large companies. They enter sento only clean, they must take a shower before the procedure. In the pool there is special equipment that heats the water. The Japanese love contrasting water treatments. Therefore, first take a cold shower, and then swim in a hot pool. Each run lasts no more than 15 minutes.
Hammam
Hammam (hammam) is a traditional Turkish bath. Roman baths were taken as a model for her. Unlike the Finnish sauna, where the room is lined with wood, the hammam is tiled. The unusual name comes from the Arabic word "ham", which translates as "hot." In fact, the average temperature in Turkish baths does not exceed 60 degrees, and the humidity level reaches 100%. The hammam is ideal for those who cannot tolerate the “dry steam” of the sauna and high temperatures, as a gentle atmosphere is created here. First of all, this category includes cores and people who have problems with pressure. Hammams in Turkey are still popular.Almost every village has such a bathhouse, and in the capital of the state there are more than a hundred. Moreover, there are modern buildings with an original design, as well as beautiful, ancient hammams, in which distinguished guests soared in antiquity.
Design
The baths embody the most diverse styles, but there is a group of trends that are especially popular among designers. These include:
Rustic or country. A simple, concise style is ideal for arranging cozy baths in summer cottages. For construction use a tree (rounded beam). The decoration also uses wood and rough stone with a natural, rough surface. The decor in the room is done with your own hands: the paths are woven from textile residues, the tablecloths are decorated with embroidery, the curtains in a funny cage are sewn from linen or burlap.
Russian ethnic style. In many ways, it looks like a rustic one, but the attributes are added exclusively to domestic interiors: samovars with a necklace of bagels, painted dishes, rushnyks (embroidered towels), glachiki (clay pots). The furniture in the bathhouse is made independently. Massive benches and a table, the surfaces of which are roughly trimmed, will look colorful. To be inspired by Russian culture, it is enough to imagine a taiga village abandoned among the snows, but surrounded by the incredible beauty of the harsh northern nature.
Chalet style. This direction is used in the design of residential buildings in alpine villages. The ceilings are decorated with massive wooden beams. The bathhouses themselves are made of wood. In the interiors there are both rough surfaces and elegant details. It is worth noting that the main difference between a chalet and a country is the cold elegance of the style, which is unusual for a simple village. In the recreation room hunting trophies are necessarily present: horns on the walls, animal skins. In order not to deprive themselves of the joy of seeing the surrounding beauties, the room is glazed with panoramic windows.
Scandinavian style. In many ways similar to a chalet, but more severe and categorical. In the Scandinavian style, they attach particular importance to the color palette. Its basis is white - the color of snow. It is complemented by blue, blue, green and occasionally brown. The Scandinavian style is embodied in spacious baths, since free space is needed for directions. Decor is used a little. Be sure to install panoramic windows.
High tech. A modern, high-tech style that is difficult to combine with traditional Russian baths. If you make out the building in this direction, you will have to forget about the colorful wooden tubs and fluffy birch brooms. To set the temperature, just press a couple of buttons on the remote control. To add steam, you just need to set a timer. High tech only recognizes innovative technology. Baths are finished with modern (often artificial) materials that are not afraid of high temperatures and humidity. In the color scheme gray, white and black prevail. The rest room is decorated with glass, chrome surfaces.
Minimalism and Japanese style. These directions can be safely combined into one group, since the first originates in the second. Minimalism is characterized by a calm color scheme, where white prevails. The decor in the interior is practically absent. Furniture is chosen according to the principles of functionality. In the Japanese style, only natural materials are used in the decoration: wood, bamboo and slightly less veneer. The furniture is simple, concise and low. “Lounger” in the relaxation room can generally be arranged from a mat and pillows. A special romance will be given to the interior by a group of netsuke figurines on a shelf and totoro lanterns.
Classic style. Destination only recognizes luxury. The interior of the recreation room uses expensive fabrics, generously decorated with ornaments and gold threads. In the decoration, preference is given to polished stone and rare wood species. The rest room is decorated with a small sculpture, paintings, mirrors.The furniture is chosen massive, decorated with inlay and carvings.
The stylistic design is selected based on the aesthetic preferences of the owners. In addition to the above areas, baths often embody Provence (another kind of country), Art Deco, luxurious loft, antique and ethnic styles.
Conclusion
In Russia, baths were surrounded with special honor. They gave sacred meaning to this place, here they cleansed not only the body, but also the soul. In eastern culture, this process would be called meditation. It was even believed that the owner was better at whom the bathhouse is more beautiful, that is, the house was judged by a person not by the state of his hut. Together with sweat, toxins and toxins really come out of the body, and with regular visits to the steam room, the state of the respiratory and circulatory systems improves. However, it is not worth abusing such procedures. No wonder our ancestors washed themselves in the bathhouse only once a week. This is quite enough for a comprehensive recovery without harm to the body. A bathhouse on the plot is an excellent alternative to cramped showers and bathtubs. In it you can not only relax, but also arrange gatherings between trips to the steam room in the close circle of family and friends.
For a long time, a mystical halo surrounded the Russian bathhouse. Here, not only washed, but also divined on holidays. The bathhouse had its own “variety” of brownie - a banner. Although in this place people were cleansed of dirt, it was considered bad, even things from here tried not to bring into the house. The bathhouse always stood on the outskirts of the site. Many caused this placement to be evil, which they sought to keep away from the apartment building. In fact, everything was much more prosaic: even in those days there were fire safety standards. A blockhouse or other type of wooden structure (logs, lumber), in which there is a stove periodically melted by firewood, is a potential source of danger of accidental ignition. Even today, traditional Russian baths are also trying to build at a certain distance from private homes. Although now there are plenty of other options for washing and relaxing, the pair still hold the palm branch.The same therapeutic effect cannot be obtained even in the most modern Jacuzzi or shower. Consider the bath projects, methods of zoning, furniture selection options and design features.
Content
Design Features
The whole process of building a bath is divided into several important stages:
The most difficult stage is considered preparatory. If it is bad to think out a plan of further actions, then during work serious problems may arise that will have to be solved and distracted from construction. Design can be entrusted to professionals and get ready-made documentation on hand. The most persistent ones develop the project on their own. The article contains a number of tips for this category of people that will facilitate their work and help not to miss important aspects.
About the square
As for the area, there is no single standard for baths. Each owner himself chooses the optimal size of the building, based on the needs of his family and the possibilities of the site. For example, in small estates, where the apple has nowhere to fall, they put mobile saunas. If necessary, they can be moved around the site. On average, such a small bathhouse accommodates no more than two people at a time. Its area can be 2х2 m, 2х2.5 m, 2х3 m or 3х3 m, 3х4 m.In areas where there is still a place for a permanent bath, they put compact, small-sized options, consisting only of a steam room, a shower room and a small veranda, which serves as a relaxation room. Typically, the dimensions of such buildings are 3x5 m, 3x6 m, 4x4 m, 4x5 m and 4x6 m. Baths with an area of 4x8 or 5x5 m are already considered quite large and can take groups of 5 people at a time. These are not just steam rooms, but separate houses with several rooms where you can relax with company.
Planning / Zoning
How many rooms will be under construction should be decided at the design stage. The layout of the bath directly depends on its area. Some rooms (locker room, utility room) can compactly fit on 1 sq. M, but for a recreation area or steam room, you already need space. In large saunas, the following interior spaces are provided:
In comfortable baths, attached to luxurious mansions or estates, additionally equip rooms for a good rest, which is not limited to gatherings at the table. Such rooms can house a billiard room, a home cinema, an area for board games and even dance floors.
With terrace or veranda
Baths with verandas or terraces will provide the company with a wonderful outdoor recreation, which is especially nice after a stuffy steam room, when a cool breeze quickly cools the warmed body. The main advantage of these facilities is the possibility of their arrangement after the completion of the main construction. Verandas and terraces can not even be marked on the original drawings. They are easy to build after the fact, when the owners realize that they need precisely such additional areas for recreation. Terraces and verandas are convenient for those who love barbecue. Open air will not allow to "flood" the whole company and those gathered will not have to breathe smoke. It is also quite easy to carry out lighting for gatherings at night to a terrace or a gazebo: just one or two bulbs in lampshades are enough. The absence of glass is compensated by a mosquito net. Of the shortcomings, only the impossibility of using the site in the winter is noted. Although there are glazed and insulated verandas.
With pool or font
Large baths are equipped for large baths. The internal arrangement provides the possibility of their use all year round. For small jars, compact fonts are chosen. These tanks can have either a central or angular arrangement. If there is no place under the tank with water at all, then it is taken out of the building, of course, when the size of the site allows. The presence of a reservoir of cool water is very useful, since after a strong warming up of the body it must be cooled. “Shock therapy” is considered part of the contrast procedures that are useful primarily for the skin. In winter, extreme lovers generally prefer to plunge into the hole or hang out in snowdrifts and wipe themselves off with snow. To many, such customs may seem wild and dangerous.In fact, they practically do not bring stress to the body, since a strongly heated body loses part of its usual sensitivity to cold. In rare cases, fonts are replaced with water barrels. In some ways, such units resemble Japanese furaco, but the water in them does not heat up, but remains cold.
Furniture and equipment for baths
In the bath there is always a powerful source of heat - the stove. This is the living heart of the building, which was previously treated with special trepidation. Depending on the material of the furnace, they are classified into the following types:
According to the type of fuel used, the furnace is divided into the following types:
The main thing when choosing a furnace: the correct calculation of the correspondence of its power and the area of the heated room. Another important nuance for a quality holiday is lighting. Light needs to be provided to each room of a bath. In fact, all the rooms except the dressing room and the steam room retain the atmosphere typical of ordinary living rooms. For this reason, the wiring, cartridges, switches for them choose the same as for the bedroom or guest in the house.
But for the steam room and the dressing room it is better to purchase special equipment that is designed to work in difficult conditions with high humidity and high temperatures. Even light bulbs should be bought special. Furniture for the bath is chosen in accordance with the stylistic decision. In expensive apartments they put luxurious soft sofas, armchairs, tables with marble countertops from designer collections. For simpler styles (country, Russian, Provence) they use crude but functional wood furniture. For the recreation room, a concise set of benches and a table is enough.
Where and from which to build a bath
The place for the bath should be chosen away from residential buildings. It is recommended to observe a distance of at least 5 m. The SNiP defines the norms of distances between buildings of various types (based on the material used for the manufacture of structures, ceilings, individual building elements). Before construction, you need to familiarize yourself with these provisions so that later you do not have to demolish the bath completely. The platform should be level. The slopes and close proximity of water bodies (sources of dampness) can subsequently provoke a shift in the foundation. If there are no flat places on the site, then use bulk soil, which is carefully tamped. You can’t put a bath next to a neighboring fence. The distance should be at least 1 m. The construction should not obscure part of the foreign land. You can not put a bath near the forest (minimum distance - 15 m).It is also forbidden to place this building near wells or wells. A special requirement is for baths that are drowned in black. They generally need to be placed on the outskirts, and a distance of 12 m is observed to the nearest building.
Foundation selection
The foundation for the building is of two types:
The most durable and strong is considered to be tape. The depth of the foundation is calculated based on the level of freezing of the earth, which differs in different latitudes. First, dig a pit of the desired depth. Its bottom is covered with a layer of sand. Then cover with a pillow of crushed stone or other type of stone fine fraction. After that, the entire “tape” is poured with concrete. Prior to solidification, reinforcing metal parts are added to the composition. The column foundation is used only for single-story light cans that are made of wood. In fact, the building will stand on a system of piles that will raise it above the ground. The columnar foundation is suitable for any type of soil (even for regions where permafrost), easily adapts to sites with complex terrain, quickly erected. After the construction of the base for the bathhouse, they begin work on the blind area.
Baths in the house
In houses, baths are most often located on the basement, basement, and less often on the first floors. The combination of the residential part of the house and the steam room increases the risk of fires. Dry Finnish saunas are the most dangerous in this respect. Russian baths with moist air or compact Japanese ofuros are much more reliable. Experts recommend choosing electric furnaces for such steam rooms, since it is the safest.Also, the room should be carefully isolated from the residential part of the house to prevent the spread of steam in other rooms, which is fraught with peeling off wallpaper and blotting upholstered furniture. However, baths in the house also have a number of advantages, the main of which is the proximity of the facility. To melt the stove, you do not need to go outside the house. It is very convenient especially in winter. Of these cans, you usually cannot go outside and plunge into the snow or a pond, without having trodden or soiled the floors in the passage rooms.
Wood bath
Baths were traditionally built of wood. Due to the presence of micropores on the surface of the tree, it “breathes” and releases healing and aromatic particles during heating. It is not recommended to build coniferous baths, as they become coated with resin over time. The leader among wood building materials is considered a bar. It is a carefully planed log. The beam can be different: profiled, glued, un planed, solid, rounded. It is reliable, environmentally friendly and durable. The most durable is glued beams. It is obtained by gluing dried lamellas, followed by fixing under a press. Unfortunately, like any other wood, timber is rotten. However, special impregnations will help slow down this process. Over time, the material will decrease in size. The most active shrinkage in whole timber. The material retains heat well in the bath. Not so long ago, a new word appeared on the construction market - “SIP-panels”. They are a kind of "sandwiches" and consist of two sheets of OSB, the gap between which is filled with polystyrene foam. The material can not be classified as environmentally friendly, but it qualitatively retains heat in the room and can withstand even very low temperatures. SIP panels look very ugly, therefore they require decorative finishes. The practice of their use in construction came to us from Canada.Fragile, at first glance, panels have good performance characteristics. It’s easy to work with the material, and the construction itself will turn out quite easy. Harmonized with a wooden bathhouse will be tracks made of gravel or small pebbles, a neatly trimmed lawn, rare mixborders or flower beds in tubs, low street lights.
Freestanding brick
Brick baths have a longer life than similar buildings made of wood and its derivatives. From the point of view of material costs, this option will pay off twice or even three times over time. For the construction, not only ordinary brick is used, but also aerated concrete, gas silicate, and foam concrete block. These materials have a very unattractive appearance, and therefore require decorative finishes. Gas silicate blocks are made of water, lime, aluminum powder and sand. During the mixing of the components, they begin to emit gas, which provides the “bricks” with a porous structure, which makes them quite light. Foam blocks are made of water, sand, cement and a foaming agent. Shrinkage of the material depends on the quality of mixing the components during mold filling. Because of this, the error in the geometry of foam blocks is high (up to 3 cm). Aerated concrete is another type of artificial brick. Although the term of its operation exceeds 50 years, and in the classification for combustibility, the material is classified as refractory, sometimes at close proximity to sources of fire, blocks can explode. Brick buildings on the site will be in harmony with stone fencing and garden paths from rammed cobblestones, neat benches along park alleys, rock gardens and rockeries.
Varieties of baths
The practice of steaming in a special room / container is present in almost all cultures. But each country has its own traditions and features of visiting baths. Moreover, they have been formed over many centuries.The longest “bath” stories can be considered Japanese and Russian. In the first case, the desire of the eastern peoples to carefully preserve their customs, which they carry through generations, affected. In a situation with a Russian bathhouse, the simplicity and accessibility of this method of washing, which have always played a major role for our person, is of importance. Consider the four most popular options that have received recognition not only at home, but also abroad.
Russian
Initially, the Russian bathhouse was drowned in black. There was no chimney at the stove, so the smoke entered directly into the steam room, where it circulated and heated the walls. After that, he went outside through special openings in the roof, walls (small windows) and an ajar door. Then the bathhouse was ventilated so that no carbon monoxide remained in it. After that, all the door-windows were closed, soot was erased from the benches and the steam room was ready for use. In black, this method of heating the room was called due to the fact that the ceiling and walls in such a room were smoked. To periodically increase the humidity, stones and containers of water were necessarily put in the steam room. The liquid was poured onto the heated cobblestones, it instantly evaporated and the air became moist again. In the black baths only the poor drowned. By the way, we washed only once a week - on Saturday evening. Firstly, during working days there was no time to melt the bathhouse every day, it was easier to devote the whole day to the procedure. Saturday is the first day off, and on Sunday they attended church, which could not be done while being dirty. The bathing day stretched from lunch to evening. They visited the steam room in groups (women and children, and then men). Crowned persons also did not disdain the bathhouse. In the royal Romanov dynasty, the practice of visiting the steam room was constant. Over time, Russian bathhouses became more beautiful and noble. Wood is still considered a classic material, but now it is decorated with ornate carvings.A cold water font is attached to the building - a small tank in which you can quickly cool down. There were more rooms in the bathhouse: relaxation rooms, swimming pools, buffets or summer kitchens were added. But the very principle of the procedure, as well as the therapeutic effect of it, remained unchanged.
Finnish
The Finnish sauna is the main competitor of the Russian log bath. Externally, both steam rooms are very similar, although they have a number of striking differences. Firstly, Russian baths maintain a high level of humidity (about 90%) and a rather gentle temperature regime. In the Finnish sauna "dry" steam. The humidity level does not exceed 30%, and the temperature under the ceiling can reach 160 degrees. The Finnish sauna provides shelves at different levels. Those who do not like shock temperature effects, choose places closer to the floor. Extremists prefer benches under the ceiling. Finnish saunas do not use brooms. In conditions of such hot and dry air, the impact of the rods will easily burn the skin. Not included in saunas and fonts. Finns prefer to cool off in spacious pools. Many argue about which bath is more useful: Russian or Finnish. In fact, both pairs have a healing effect on the body. The question is only in individual preferences: someone likes dry soaring, and someone prefers the moist, hot air of a Russian bathhouse.
Japanese
Japanese baths are not very similar to the steam rooms to which we are all accustomed. Oriental culture is really different in many ways from ours, and what has become familiar to the Japanese, to the rest of the world, may seem interesting and original, and sometimes even strange.To begin with, we will understand the types of baths that are used in the Land of the Rising Sun. There are three of them:
Ofuro is a wooden box of rectangular shape with thick walls, filled with sawdust or pebbles. The contents of the container are heated, after which a person is immersed in it. In addition to the temperature effects on the body, small pebbles also have a massage effect. Ofuro is a type of compact baths, which not only do not take up much space in the room, but are also easily knocked together with their own hands. Furaco is a small font that is divided into two parts. In one there are shops and water is poured here. In another part there is a heating element. Most often, a wood or electric stove acts in its role. At first, hot water is perceived hard by a person, but gradually the body gets used to the temperature and relaxes. Sento is a pool filled with hot water. In fact, this is the same furaco, but for large companies. They enter sento only clean, they must take a shower before the procedure. In the pool there is special equipment that heats the water. The Japanese love contrasting water treatments. Therefore, first take a cold shower, and then swim in a hot pool. Each run lasts no more than 15 minutes.
Hammam
Hammam (hammam) is a traditional Turkish bath. Roman baths were taken as a model for her. Unlike the Finnish sauna, where the room is lined with wood, the hammam is tiled. The unusual name comes from the Arabic word "ham", which translates as "hot." In fact, the average temperature in Turkish baths does not exceed 60 degrees, and the humidity level reaches 100%. The hammam is ideal for those who cannot tolerate the “dry steam” of the sauna and high temperatures, as a gentle atmosphere is created here. First of all, this category includes cores and people who have problems with pressure. Hammams in Turkey are still popular.Almost every village has such a bathhouse, and in the capital of the state there are more than a hundred. Moreover, there are modern buildings with an original design, as well as beautiful, ancient hammams, in which distinguished guests soared in antiquity.
Design
The baths embody the most diverse styles, but there is a group of trends that are especially popular among designers. These include:
The stylistic design is selected based on the aesthetic preferences of the owners. In addition to the above areas, baths often embody Provence (another kind of country), Art Deco, luxurious loft, antique and ethnic styles.
Conclusion
In Russia, baths were surrounded with special honor. They gave sacred meaning to this place, here they cleansed not only the body, but also the soul. In eastern culture, this process would be called meditation. It was even believed that the owner was better at whom the bathhouse is more beautiful, that is, the house was judged by a person not by the state of his hut. Together with sweat, toxins and toxins really come out of the body, and with regular visits to the steam room, the state of the respiratory and circulatory systems improves. However, it is not worth abusing such procedures. No wonder our ancestors washed themselves in the bathhouse only once a week. This is quite enough for a comprehensive recovery without harm to the body. A bathhouse on the plot is an excellent alternative to cramped showers and bathtubs. In it you can not only relax, but also arrange gatherings between trips to the steam room in the close circle of family and friends.